Read research related to the HBR process and
Positive Stress Training
Study 1
The Hope Scale was administered as a pre-test and a post-test to a group of teens who then had the training to enhance their level of hope. These teens were exposed to treatment materials for approximately three weeks. The researcher used a 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference. Table 2 shows the results of this study. As can be seen from Table 2, the scores were statistically significantly different at the 99% Confidence Level.
Table 2: A Study of Hope Training (N = 21)
Pairs Degree of Freedom One-Sided P Two-Sided P
OA-OA2 20 <.001 <.001
GO-GO2 20 <.001 <.001
PO-PO2 20 <.001 <.001
Differences in Scores:
As shown in Table 3, teens’ scores on each of the three scales were statistically significantly better from the first administration of the Hope Scale to the second administration.
Table 3: Paired Sample Statistics
Scale 1: Optimistic Attitude Scale 2: Goal Orientation Scale 3: Positive Outcomes
OA Pre-Test = 8.95 GO Pre-Test = 9.09 PO Pre-Test = 9.10
OA Post-Test = 10.72 GO Post-Test = 10.67 PO Post-Test = 10.43
Study 2
The Hope Scale was then administered to a second group of international teens and twenty-somethings to determine the reproducibility of the results. The researcher used a 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference. Table 4 shows the results of this study. As can be seen from Table 4, the scores from this group of teens were also statistically significant.
Table 4: A Study of Hope Training (N = 15)
Pairs Degree of Freedom One-Sided P Two-Sided P
OA-OA2 20 <.001 <.001
GO-GO2 20 <.002 <.004
PO-PO2 20 <.004 <.007
Differences in Scores:
As shown in Table 5, teens’ scores on each of the three scales were statistically significantly better from the first administration of the Hope Scale to the second administration.
Table 5: Paired Sample Statistics
Scale 1: Optimistic Attitude Scale 2: Goal Orientation Scale 3: Positive Outcomes
OA Pre-Test = 9.20 GO Pre-Test = 8.87 PO Pre-Test = 9.20
OA Post-Test = 10.53 GO Post-Test = 10.33 PO Post-Test = 10.40
Study 3
The Hope Scale was administered as a pre-test and a post-test to a group of unemployed adults who then had the training to enhance their level of hope. These adults were exposed to treatment materials related to the Hierarchy of Hope (www.hopebasedresilience.com) for approximately three weeks. The researcher used a 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference. Table 6 shows the results of this study. As can be seen from Table 6, the scores were statistically significantly different at the 99% Confidence Level.
Table 6: A Study of Hope Training (N = 35)
Pairs Degree of Freedom One-Sided P Two-Sided P
OA-OA2 20 <.001 <.001
GO-GO2 20 <.001 <.001
PO-PO2 20 <.001 <.001
Differences in Scores:
As shown in Table 7, teens’ scores on each of the three scales were statistically significantly better from the first administration of the Hope Scale to the second administration.
Table 7: Paired Sample Statistics
Scale 1: Optimistic Attitude Scale 2: Goal Orientation Scale 3: Positive Outcomes
OA Pre-Test = 9.49 GO Pre-Test = 9.62 PO Pre-Test = 9.57
OA Post-Test = 10.31 GO Post-Test = 10.60 PO Post-Test = 10.63
Scores on the Hope Scale & the Ability to Bounce Back Scale correlated at .861. The higher the Hope scores, the higher the Resilience scores! Additionally, John conducted qualitative research that proved high levels of hope greatly reduced stress.
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